Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide, affecting millions of women and, in rare cases, men. While its exact cause remains unclear, scientific research has identified several risk factors that contribute to its development. Some of these risks are genetic and unavoidable, while others stem from lifestyle choices and environmental exposures.
Understanding these factors and taking preventive measures can significantly lower the risk of developing breast cancer. In this article, we explore the primary causes, risk factors and ways to reduce breast cancer risk through early detection and lifestyle changes.
What Is Breast Cancer?
Breast cancer begins when cells in the breast tissue undergo abnormal changes and start to grow uncontrollably. This leads to the formation of a breast tumour, which can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant tumours can spread to other parts of the body if not detected and treated in time.
Breast cancer is classified into different breast cancer stages, ranging from Stage 0 (non-invasive) to Stage 4 (advanced metastatic cancer). Early detection plays a crucial role in treatment success, which is why regular breast cancer screening is vital.
Common Signs of Breast Cancer
Early detection of breast cancer symptoms improves treatment outcomes. The following signs should not be ignored:
A lump or thickening in the breast or underarm.
Changes in breast shape, size or contour
Nipple discharge, especially if bloody or occurring without squeezing.
Dimpling or puckering of breast skin
Redness or flaky skin around the nipple or breast
Pain or tenderness in the breast that persists.
If you notice any of these symptoms, consult an oncologist for further evaluation.
Key Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
While the precise cause of breast cancer remains uncertain, several well-established risk factors have been identified. These can be divided into genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors.
1. Genetic and Hormonal Risk Factors
Family History – Women with a relative (mother, sister, daughter) who had breast cancer face a higher risk.
BRCA1 & BRCA2 Gene Mutations – These inherited gene mutations significantly increase the likelihood of breast and ovarian cancer.
Early Menstruation & Late Menopause – Women who began menstruating before age 12 or reached menopause after age 55 have prolonged oestrogen exposure, raising their risk.
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) – Long-term HRT use after menopause can increase breast cancer risk.
2. Lifestyle and Behavioural Risk Factors
Obesity – Excess body fat, especially after menopause, increases oestrogen levels, which may promote cancer growth.
Alcohol Consumption – Studies show that drinking even small amounts of alcohol regularly raises the risk.
Smoking – Long-term smoking is associated with an increased risk of breast and other cancers.
Lack of Physical Activity – A sedentary lifestyle contributes to weight gain and hormonal imbalances, raising breast cancer risk.
3. Reproductive Factors
Having Children Later or Not at All – Women who give birth after age 30 or remain childless have a slightly increased risk.
Not Breastfeeding – Breastfeeding provides a protective effect by lowering oestrogen levels.
4. Environmental and Chemical Exposures
Radiation Exposure – Women who have undergone radiation therapy (e.g., for Hodgkin’s lymphoma) have a higher risk of developing breast cancer later in life.
Endocrine Disruptors – Certain chemicals in plastics, cosmetics and pesticides may interfere with hormonal balance.
How to Prevent Breast Cancer
Although not all cases of breast cancer are preventable, taking proactive steps can significantly reduce the risk. Here are some science-backed breast cancer prevention strategies:
Maintain a Healthy Weight – Regular physical activity and a balanced diet help regulate hormones.
Limit Alcohol Intake – Keep alcohol consumption to one drink per day or less.
Quit Smoking – Avoid tobacco products to lower the risk of breast and other cancers.
Stay Active – Engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week.
Eat a Nutrient-Rich Diet – Incorporate vegetables, fruits, whole grains and lean proteins while avoiding processed foods.
Consider Breastfeeding – If possible, breastfeeding for at least six months provides protective benefits.
Avoid Prolonged Hormone Therapy – If you need HRT, discuss the risks with your doctor and use it for the shortest time possible.
When to Get Screened for Breast Cancer
Early detection through breast cancer screening improves survival rates. Mammograms are the most effective screening method and should be scheduled based on age and risk factors:
Women aged 40–44: Optional mammograms
Women aged 45–54: Annual mammograms are recommended.
Women 55 and older: Mammograms every 1–2 years
Women with a family history of breast cancer or other high-risk factors may need earlier or more frequent screenings. Always consult a doctor for personalised screening recommendations.
Understanding what causes breast cancer and being aware of its risk factors allows individuals to take proactive steps toward early detection and prevention. Breast cancer awareness plays a crucial role in educating people about these risks. While some risk factors are beyond control, making healthy lifestyle choices and undergoing regular breast cancer screenings can lower the chances of developing the disease.
If you notice any breast cancer symptoms or have concerns about your risk, schedule an appointment with an oncology hospital or a Mediclinic UAE healthcare professional. Early detection saves lives!