Thyroid cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the thyroid, a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the lower front of the neck. This gland plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism, heart rate and hormone production. Although thyroid cancer is generally treatable, early detection and understanding of the risk factors can improve outcomes.
But what is thyroid cancer and what causes it? While the exact cause is often unknown, several risk factors can contribute to its development. This article explores the potential causes of thyroid cancer, common thyroid cancer symptoms and ways to lower your risk.
What Is Thyroid Cancer?
The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate many bodily functions. When abnormal cells in the thyroid multiply uncontrollably, they form tumours, which may be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Types of Thyroid Cancer
There are several types of thyroid cancer, with papillary thyroid carcinoma being the most common:
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (PTC) – Accounts for about 80% of cases; slow-growing and often curable.
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma (FTC) – Is less common but can spread to other parts of the body.
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC) – This can be hereditary and linked to genetic conditions.
Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma – A rare but aggressive form of thyroid cancer.
What Causes Thyroid Cancer?
While the exact causes of thyroid cancer remain unclear, several risk factors increase the likelihood of developing the disease.
1. Genetic Factors and Family History
A family history of thyroid cancer increases the risk, especially for medullary thyroid carcinoma.
Genetic conditions like Cowden syndrome and multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) may raise susceptibility.
2. Radiation Exposure
High-dose radiation exposure, especially during childhood, is a well-documented risk factor.
Radiation from medical treatment (e.g., radiation therapy to the head or neck) may contribute to thyroid nodules, which can sometimes become cancerous.
3. Iodine Deficiency or Excess
The thyroid relies on iodine to produce hormones. Both iodine deficiency and excessive iodine intake can affect thyroid function and potentially contribute to cancer.
4. Gender and Age
Symptoms of thyroid cancer in females are more common since women are 3 times more likely to develop thyroid cancer than men.
The risk increases with age, particularly after 40.
5. Presence of Thyroid Nodules
Most thyroid nodules are benign, but some may develop into cancer. A doctor can determine whether a cancer lump on the neck is malignant through testing.
Symptoms of Thyroid Cancer
Early thyroid cancer symptoms can be subtle, but some common warning signs include:
A painless cancer lumps on the neck that grows over time.
Hoarseness or voice changes.
Difficulty swallowing or breathing.
Persistent throat or neck pain.
Swollen lymph nodes in the neck.
How to Reduce the Risk of Thyroid Cancer
While thyroid cancer cannot always be prevented, certain lifestyle adjustments can help lower the risk.
1. Minimise Radiation Exposure
Avoid unnecessary radiation, particularly during childhood.
Use protective shielding when undergoing X-rays or CT scans.
2. Maintain a Balanced Diet
Ensure adequate iodine intake through a balanced diet. Foods like fish, dairy and iodised salt can help.
Eat a diet rich in antioxidants and fibre to support overall thyroid health.
3. Regular Thyroid Check-Ups
People with a family history of thyroid cancer or thyroid nodules should have regular check-ups.
Self-examine your neck for unusual lumps or swelling.
4. Genetic Counselling for High-Risk Individuals
If you have a family history of Cowden syndrome or other genetic disorders linked to thyroid cancer, consider genetic counselling and early screening.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Consult an oncology doctor if you experience:
A cancer lump on the neck that grows or changes over time.
Persistent hoarseness, throat discomfort or trouble swallowing.
Rapid enlargement of an existing thyroid nodule.
Early detection improves the chances of successful treatment, particularly in oncology for papillary thyroid carcinoma, which responds well to therapy.
Take Control of Your Thyroid Health with Mediclinic UAE
Understanding what causes thyroid cancer and recognising its risk factors can help with early detection and prevention. While not all risk factors are avoidable, maintaining a healthy lifestyle and staying vigilant about thyroid cancer symptoms can make a difference.
At Mediclinic Oncology hospital, our expert endocrinologists and oncology doctors provide advanced diagnostic testing and personalised treatment plans for thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer symptoms. Whether you need a routine thyroid check-up or specialised care for a cancer lump on the neck, we are here to help.