Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide, with human papillomavirus (HPV) being the leading cause. Understanding the connection between HPV and cervical cancer, recognising early symptoms and exploring prevention methods can help reduce the risk of developing this disease.
What is Cervical Cancer?
Cervical cancer develops in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably, potentially spreading to other parts of the body.
Cervical Cancer Causes: The Role of HPV
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for nearly 99% of cervical cancer cases. HPV is a common virus transmitted through sexual contact. While most HPV infections clear on their own, some high-risk strains can cause cervical dysplasia—precancerous changes in cervical cells. If untreated, this can progress into cancer.
Other risk factors for cervical cancer include:
Smoking, which weakens the immune system, making it harder to fight HPV infections
A weakened immune system due to conditions like HIV
Multiple sexual partners, increasing exposure to high-risk HPV strains
Long-term use of birth control pills, which may be linked to an increased risk
Family history, as a genetic predisposition can play a role
Symptoms and Signs of Cervical Cancer
In its early stages, cervical cancer may not show noticeable symptoms. However, as the disease progresses, the following cervical cancer symptoms may appear:
Abnormal vaginal bleeding, including bleeding between periods, after intercourse or after menopause
Unusual vaginal discharge with a strong Odor or blood
Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse
Increased urinary frequency or discomfort while urinating
Pain in the lower back or legs, especially in advanced stages
Cervical Cancer Stages and Progression
Doctors classify cervical cancer into stages based on how far it has spread:
Stage 0 (Carcinoma in Situ) – Abnormal cells are present but have not spread
Stage I – Cancer is confined to the cervix
Stage II – Cancer spreads beyond the cervix but not to the pelvic wall or lower vagina
Stage III – Tumour extends to the pelvic wall and lower vagina, possibly affecting kidney function
Stage IV – Cancer spreads to distant organs such as the bladder, rectum or lungs
Cervical Cancer Screening and Early Detection
Early detection significantly improves survival rates. Cervical cancer screening includes:
Pap Test (Pap Smear): Identifies abnormal cells in the cervix before they become cancerous
HPV Test: Detects high-risk HPV strains linked to cervical cancer
Colposcopy: A follow-up procedure if abnormal cells are detected in a Pap test
Women should begin Pap tests at age 21 and follow their doctor's recommendations for HPV testing.
Cervical Cancer Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the stage of cervical cancer and the patient’s overall health. Common cervical cancer treatment options include:
Surgery
Conisation – Removes a small section of the cervix containing abnormal cells
Hysterectomy – Removes the cervix and uterus, often necessary for advanced cases
Radiation Therapy
Uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells, often combined with surgery or chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy
Uses powerful drugs to kill cancer cells, especially in advanced stages
Immunotherapy for Cervical Cancer
Helps the immune system recognise and fight cancer cells. Recent advancements in immunotherapy for cervical cancer have shown promising results.
Prevention: The Cervical Cancer Vaccine and Other Protective Measures
The HPV vaccine is one of the most effective ways to prevent cervical cancer. It protects against high-risk HPV strains responsible for most cases.
Key Prevention Tips:
Get the HPV Vaccine – Recommended for both boys and girls between ages 9-26
Routine Pap and HPV Tests – Regular screening helps detect early abnormalities
Practice Safe Sex – Using condoms reduces HPV transmission risk
Quit Smoking – Reduces cancer risk by strengthening the immune system
Eat a Healthy Diet – Antioxidants and vitamins support immune function
When to See a doctor
Seek immediate medical attention from an oncology doctor if you experience:
Unexplained vaginal bleeding
Persistent pelvic pain
Painful intercourse
Unusual discharge
Early diagnosis significantly improves treatment outcomes and survival rates.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. Can cervical cancer be cured?
Yes, when detected early, cervical cancer is highly treatable. Regular Pap tests and HPV screening improve early detection rates.
2. Does HPV always cause cervical cancer?
No, most HPV infections resolve naturally without causing cancer. However, persistent infections with high-risk HPV strains increase the risk.
3. Who should get the HPV vaccine?
The HPV vaccine is recommended for boys and girls between ages 9-26, but it can also benefit adults up to age 45 after discussing it with a doctor.
4. How often should I get a Pap test?
Women should start Pap testing at age 21 and follow their doctor’s advice on frequency. Generally, testing is recommended every 3-5 years.
5. Is cervical cancer hereditary?
While genetics can play a role, HPV infection remains the primary cause of cervical cancer.
6. Can men get HPV-related cancers?
Yes, HPV can also cause cancers in men, including penile, anal and throat cancers.
7. How can I reduce my risk of cervical cancer?
Get vaccinated against HPV
Schedule regular Pap and HPV tests
Avoid smoking
Practice safe sex
Take Charge of Your Health with Mediclinic UAE
At Mediclinic UAE, our oncologist offers advanced cervical cancer screening, Pap tests and expert oncology care for early detection and treatment. If you have concerns about cervical cancer symptoms or need an HPV vaccine, our specialists are here to help.
Book an appointment today and take a proactive step toward cervical health.