Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable types of cancer, thanks to cervical cancer screening. Regular screening can detect early changes in cervical cells, allowing timely intervention before they develop into cancer.
Cervical cancer screening involves two main tests: Pap Smear Test and HPV Test. These tests help detect abnormal cervical cancer screening results, which may indicate precancerous changes or infection with high-risk strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV)—the leading cause of cervical cancer.
If you’re wondering what the cervix is, it is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Keeping the cervix healthy is essential and regular screenings are key to early detection and prevention.
This guide will cover cervical cancer tests, how they work, when to get screened and the latest advancements in cervical cancer prevention.
What Is Cervical Cancer Screening?
Cervical cancer screening is a preventive medical test that checks for precancerous or cancerous changes in cervical cells. It helps detect early signs of cervical cancer, allowing for early treatment before the disease progresses.
Types of Cervical Cancer Tests
There are two primary methods used in cervical cancer screening:
Pap Smear Test (Pap Test)
Examines cervical cells for any abnormal changes.
Can detect precancerous or cancerous cells early.
Recommended for women aged 21 and above.
HPV Test
Detects high-risk HPV strains that cause cervical cancer.
Often done in combination with a Pap Smear Test for women over 30.
In some cases, both tests are done together, called co-testing, which provides a more comprehensive screening approach.
Why Is Cervical Cancer Screening Important?
Regular cervical cancer screening plays a vital role in preventing and detecting cervical cancer at an early stage. Here’s why it’s crucial:
Early detection saves lives – Finding abnormal cells early allows for timely treatment, reducing the risk of developing cervical cancer.
Prevention of cervical cancer – Screening detects precancerous changes that can be treated before they turn into cancer.
HPV detection – The HPV Test helps identify high-risk strains of the virus, allowing for close monitoring and early intervention.
Who Should Get Cervical Cancer Screening?
The recommendations for cervical cancer screening depend on age and medical history:
Ages 21-29
Pap Smear Test every 3 years.
HPV Test not recommended unless Pap results are abnormal.
Ages 30-65
Pap Smear Test every 3 years OR
HPV Test every 5 years OR
Co-testing (Pap + HPV) every 5 years.
Ages 65 and older
Screening may stop if previous results were normal and no new risk factors exist.
Women with a history of abnormal cervical cancer screening or HPV infection
More frequent screenings may be required.
Women who had a hysterectomy (removal of the cervix and uterus)
Screening may not be needed unless there is a history of cervical cancer or precancerous changes.
Common Symptoms of Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer in its early stages often has no symptoms, which is why regular screening is crucial. However, as the disease progresses, symptoms may appear, including:
Abnormal vaginal bleeding (between periods, after intercourse or after menopause).
Pelvic pain or discomfort.
Pain during intercourse.
Unusual vaginal discharge (foul-smelling, bloody or watery).
If you experience any of these symptoms, consult a doctor immediately for further evaluation.
What Do Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Results Mean?
An abnormal cervical cancer screening result doesn’t always mean you have cancer. It could indicate:
Mild cell changes (ASCUS or LSIL) – Often caused by an HPV infection and may resolve on their own.
Moderate to severe cell changes (HSIL) – These are more concerning and may require further testing, such as a colposcopy.
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) – A precancerous condition that may require treatment.
If your results are abnormal, the oncologist may recommend repeat testing, colposcopy or a biopsy to examine the cervix more closely.
How to Prepare for a Cervical Cancer Test
To ensure accurate results, follow these guidelines before your Pap Smear Test or HPV Test:
Avoid sexual intercourse, douching or using vaginal medications for 48 hours before the test.
Schedule your test when you are not on your period for better sample collection.
Wear comfortable clothing as you may need to undress from the waist down.
The procedure is quick, usually taking only 5-10 minutes and may cause mild discomfort but is not painful.
Preventing Cervical Cancer
Besides regular screening, there are several ways to reduce the risk of cervical cancer:
Get the HPV vaccine – Protects against high-risk HPV strains that cause cervical cancer.
Practice safe sex – Using condoms reduces the risk of HPV infection.
Avoid smoking – Tobacco increases the risk of cervical cancer.
Maintain a healthy immune system – A strong immune system helps fight off HPV infections naturally.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Consult a doctor immediately if you experience:
Abnormal bleeding (especially after sex or menopause).
Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse.
Persistent vaginal discharge with a foul smell.
Abnormal cervical cancer screening results require further evaluation.
Early diagnosis and treatment in oncology offer the best chance of a full recovery.
FAQs About Cervical Cancer Screening
1. What is the difference between a Pap Smear Test and an HPV Test?
A Pap Smear Test detects abnormal cervical cells, while an HPV Test identifies the presence of high-risk HPV strains that cause cervical cancer.
2. Does an abnormal Pap Smear Test mean I have cervical cancer?
No. Abnormal results indicate changes in cervical cells, but most do not develop into cancer. Further testing may be required.
3. Is cervical cancer screening painful?
Most women feel mild discomfort or pressure during the procedure, but it is generally not painful.
4. At what age should I stop cervical cancer screening?
Women over 65 may stop screening if they have had consistently normal results in the past.
5. How can I lower my risk of cervical cancer?
Regular screening, HPV vaccination, practising safe sex and avoiding smoking can help prevent cervical cancer.
Regular cervical cancer screening is essential for early detection and prevention. Pap Smear Tests and HPV Tests play a crucial role in identifying abnormal cervical cancer screening results before they develop into cancer. If you’re due for a cervical cancer test, don’t delay—early detection saves lives.