Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable forms of cancer, yet it remains a significant global health burden, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. One of the leading cervical cancer causes is persistent infection with the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus with certain high-risk strains that can trigger abnormal changes in cervical cells over time. Understanding this link is essential for empowering women to take charge of their reproductive health through screening, vaccination, and informed care.
What Is Cervical Cancer?
Cervical cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the cervix – the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina – begin to grow uncontrollably. These cellular changes are typically slow-growing and can take years to develop into cancer. This long progression period offers a critical window for detection and prevention through regular cervical cancer screening and early intervention.
HPV: The Primary Culprit
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of more than 200 related viruses, of which around 14 are considered high-risk for cancer development. Among these, HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for nearly 70% of cervical cancer cases worldwide, according to the World Health Organization.
Most sexually active individuals will contract HPV at some point in their lives, often without knowing it, as the virus is typically asymptomatic and cleared by the immune system. However, in some women, high-risk HPV types persist and may lead to precancerous lesions known as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). If left untreated, these lesions can progress to cervical cancer over several years.
Cervical Cancer Causes: Beyond HPV
While persistent HPV infection is the central factor in cervical cancer development, several co-factors can influence a woman’s risk:
- Weakened immune system – HIV or long-term immunosuppressive treatment can hinder the body’s ability to fight HPV.
- Smoking – Tobacco use has been shown to contribute to cellular damage in the cervix.
- Early onset of sexual activity and multiple sexual partners – These increase the likelihood of HPV exposure.
- Long-term use of oral contraceptives – Some studies have linked this to a slight increase in risk.
- Poor genital hygiene and co-infections (e.g., chlamydia) – These can also facilitate the persistence of high-risk HPV.
Understanding that cervical cancer causes stem from a combination of viral, behavioural, and environmental factors reinforces the need for a multi-pronged approach to prevention.
Cervical Cancer Screening: Your Best Defence
Routine cervical cancer screening is the cornerstone of early detection and prevention. There are two primary tests used in clinical settings:
- Pap Smear (Papanicolaou test): This test detects abnormal cervical cells before they become cancerous. It is recommended for women aged 21 to 65 every three to five years, depending on age and health history.
- HPV DNA Test: This test identifies high-risk HPV strains that could lead to cervical cancer. In some cases, it may be used in combination with the Pap smear (co-testing).
Both screening tools play a vital role in identifying precancerous changes at an early stage, when they can be treated effectively before developing into cervical cancer.
Cervical Cancer Test Guidelines
Healthcare providers typically recommend:
- Women aged 21-29: Pap test every three years (HPV testing not usually done unless Pap is abnormal).
- Women aged 30-65: Pap test and HPV test every five years (preferred), or Pap test alone every three years.
- Women over 65: May stop screening if they have had regular normal results and are not at high risk.
It’s crucial to consult your gynaecologist to determine the right cervical cancer test frequency based on your personal risk factors.
HPV Vaccination: Preventing Cervical Cancer at Its Source
The introduction of the HPV vaccine has been a game-changer in cervical cancer prevention. The vaccine is most effective when administered before exposure to the virus – ideally in early adolescence (ages 9 to 14). However, catch-up vaccination is still recommended for individuals up to age 26, and in some cases, up to age 45.
Vaccination significantly reduces the risk of infection with high-risk HPV types and, by extension, the development of cervical cancer. It is a safe and evidence-based intervention endorsed by leading health authorities like WHO.
International Cervical Cancer Care at Mediclinic
At Mediclinic, we offer comprehensive cervical cancer care rooted in global standards of excellence. Our international network of oncology and gynaecology specialists provides a full spectrum of services – from HPV vaccination and routine cervical cancer screening to advanced diagnostics and personalised treatment plans.
Mediclinic’s cancer care model includes a multidisciplinary approach, where each case is reviewed by a panel of experts to ensure the most effective and compassionate care. Whether you're attending for a cervical cancer test or managing a more complex diagnosis, we prioritise your health, dignity and emotional well-being every step of the way.
Take Charge of Your Cervical Health
Cervical cancer is highly preventable, yet thousands of lives are lost each year due to late detection and limited access to screening. By understanding the pivotal role of HPV, recognising cervical cancer causes, and keeping up to date with your cervical cancer test schedule, you can significantly reduce your risk.
If you're unsure about your screening status, HPV vaccination options, or any aspect of cervical cancer screening, speak to a healthcare professional. Early action saves lives—and your health is worth protecting.